Papers using the SSC

Dobrow, S. S.; Davis, R. E.; et al. Climate and sino-nasal symptoms. International Journal of Biometeorology (2026).

Xu, Q.; Ren, C.; He, Y.; Fung, J. C. H.; Ng, E. Investigating urban wind vertical profiles during heatwaves with spatial synoptic classification using Doppler LiDAR: A case study in Hong Kong. Urban Climate 65, 102727 (2026).

Davis, R. E.; Hondula, D. M.; Sharif, H. Mortality and diurnal temperature range in Virginia. International Journal of Biometeorology (2025).

Sumaya, N. T.; Senkbeil, J. C.; Sheridan, S. C. Assessing Climate Trends in Bangladesh Using the Spatial Synoptic Classification. Climate 13(11), 222 (2025).

Alaso, D.C.; Senkbeil, J.C.; Sheridan, S.C. Development of a Spatial Synoptic Classification Scheme for East Africa with a Focus on Kenya. Climate 2024, 12, 133.

Fonseca-Rodríguez, O.; Sheridan, S. C.; Lundevaller, E. H.; Schumann, B. Projection of extreme heat- and cold-related mortality in Sweden based on the Spatial Synoptic Classification. Environmental Research 239, 117359 (2023).

Lee, D.; Kim, H. C.; Kim, B.-U.; et al. Relationship Between Synoptic Weather Pattern and Surface PM₂.₅ Concentration in South Korea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127 (2022).

Kim, H. C.; Lee, D.; Ngan, F.; et al. Synoptic weather and surface ozone concentration in South Korea. Atmospheric Environment 244, 117985 (2021).

Fonseca-Rodríguez, O.; Sheridan, S. C.; Lundevaller, E. H.; Schumann, B. Hot and cold weather based on the spatial synoptic classification and cause-specific mortality in Sweden: a time-stratified case-crossover study. International Journal of Biometeorology 64, 1435–1449 (2020).

Davis, R.E., D.M. Hondula, H. Sharif, 2019: Examining the diurnal temperature range enigma: why is human health related to the daily change in temperature?. International Journal of Biometeorology.

Fonseca-Rodríguez, O.; Lundevaller, E. H.; Sheridan, S. C.; Schumann, B. Association between Weather Types based on the Spatial Synoptic Classification and All-Cause Mortality in Sweden, 1991–2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, 1696 (2019).

Kim, J.; et al. Particulate Matter Mortality Rates and Their Modification by Spatial Synoptic Classification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (2019).

Kim, J.; Kim, Y.-M.; Kim, S.; et al. Synoptic approach to evaluate the effect of temperature on pediatric respiratory disease-related hospitalization in Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment (2019).

Skeeter, W. J.; Senkbeil, J. C.; Keellings, D. J. Spatial and temporal changes in the frequency and magnitude of intense precipitation events in the southeastern United States. International Journal of Climatology 39, 768–782 (2019).

Cakmak, S., Hebbern, C., Pinault, L., Lavigne, E., Vanos, J., Crouse, D. L., & Tjempka, M. (2018).Associations between long-term PM2.5 and ozone exposure and mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CANCHEC), by spatial synoptic classification zone. Environment International, 111, 200-211.

Kim, Y. M., Kim, J., Jung, K., Eo, S., Ahn, K. (2018). The effects of particulate matter on atopic dermatitis symptoms are influenced by weather type: Application of spatial synoptic classification (SSC). International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.

Lee, D. G.; et al. Effects of heat waves on daily excess mortality in 14 Korean cities during the past 20 years (1991–2010): an application of the spatial synoptic classification approach. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A (2018).

Perkins, D. R. IV. Using synoptic weather types to predict visitor attendance at Atlanta and Indianapolis zoological parks. International Journal of Biometeorology 62, 127–137 (2018).

Scott, A.A. D. W. Waugh, and B.F. Zaitchik, 2018: Reduced Urban Heat Island intensity under warmer conditions. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 064003.

Urban, A.; Kyselý, J.; et al. Application of spatial synoptic classification in evaluating links between heat stress and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in Prague, Czech Republic. International Journal of Biometeorology 62, 85–96 (2018).

Budikova, D., Ford, T.W., and Ballinger, T.J., 2017: Connections between north-central United States summer hydroclimatology and Arctic sea ice variability. International Journal of Climatology.

Hardin, A.W. and J.K. Vanos, 2017: The influence of surface type on the absorbed radiation by a human under hot, dry conditions. International Journal of Biometeorology.

Hardin, A.W., Y. Liu, G. Cao, and J.K. Vanos, 2017: Urban heat island intensity and spatial variability by synoptic weather type in the northeast US. Urban Climate.

Jing, P., Lu, Z., & Steiner, A. L. (2017). The ozone-climate penalty in the Midwestern US. Atmospheric Environment.

Liu, Y.; Zhao, N.; Vanos, J. K.; Cao, G. Effects of synoptic weather on ground-level PM₂.₅ concentrations in the United States. Atmospheric Environment 148, 297–305 (2017).

Senkbeil, J. C., Saunders, M. E., & Taylor, B. (2017). Changes in Summer Weather Type Frequency in Eastern North America. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107(5), 1229–1245.

Zhao, N., Cao, G., Vanos, J. K., & Vecellio, D. J. (2017). The effects of synoptic weather on influenza infection incidences: a retrospective study utilizing digital disease surveillance. International Journal of Biometeorology, in press.

Ballinger, T.J. and Sheridan, S.C., 2016. Sea ice impacts on polar surface weather types in the North American Arctic. Climate Research, 67(2), pp.117-134.

Cakmak, S., Hebbern, C., Vanos, J., Crouse, D. L., & Burnett, R. (2016). Ozone exposure and cardiovascular-related mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CANCHEC) by spatial synoptic classification zone. Environmental Pollution, 214, 589-599.

Dixon, P. G., Allen, M., Gosling, S. N., Hondula, D. M., Ingole, V., Lucas, R., & Vanos, J. (2016). Perspectives on the Synoptic Climate Classification and its Role in Interdisciplinary Research. Geography Compass, 10(4), 147-164.

Delavau, C., et al. "North American precipitation isotope (δ18O) zones revealed in time series modeling across Canada and northern United States." Water Resources Research 51.2 (2015): 1284-1299.

Haberlie, A. M., Ashley, W. S., & Pingel, T. J. (2015). The effect of urbanisation on the climatology of thunderstorm initiation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141(688), 663-675.

Hebbern, C., & Cakmak, S. (2015). Synoptic weather types and aeroallergens modify the effect of air pollution on hospitalisations for asthma hospitalisations in Canadian cities. Environmental Pollution, 204, 9-16.

Hildebrandt, M. L. (2015). An Analysis of Air Masses Associated with Federal Ozone Exceedances Across St. Louis, Missouri: 2001–2010. Papers in Applied Geography, 1(1), 73-78.

Leung, A. and W. Gough, 2015: Air mass distribution and the heterogeneity of the climate change signal in the Hudson Bay/Foxe Basin region, Canada. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 12 pp.

Sullivan, R. C., R. C. Levy, and S. C. Pryor. "Spatiotemporal coherence of mean and extreme aerosol particle events over eastern North America as observed from satellite." Atmospheric Environment 112 (2015): 126-135.

Vanos, J. K., L. S. Kalkstein, and T. J. Sanford. "Detecting synoptic warming trends across the US Midwest and implications to human health and heat‐related mortality." International Journal of Climatology 35.1 (2015): 85-96.

An Investigation of Warm-Season Spatial Rainfall Variability in Oklahoma City: Possible Linkages to Urbanization and Prevailing Wind. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (2014).

Cakmak, S., and C. Hebbern. "Pollution levels and the effect of air pollution on asthma hospitalisations modified by synoptic weather type and aeroallergens." Air Pollution XXII 183 (2014): 191.

Hondula, D. M., J. K. Vanos, and S. N. Gosling. "The SSC: a decade of climate–health research and future directions." International journal of biometeorology 58.2 (2014): 109-120.

Kim, H. C., Choi, H., Ngan, F., & Lee, P. (2014). Surface Ozone Variability in Synoptic Pattern Perspectives. In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII (pp. 551-556). Springer International Publishing.

Labosier, C.F., O.W. Frauenfeld, S.M. Quiring,, and C.W. Lafton, 2014: Weather type classification of wildfire ignitions in the central Gulf Coast, United States. International Journal of Climatology, in press.

Makra, L., Puskás, J., Matyasovszky, I., Csépe, Z., Lelovics, E., Bálint, B., & Tusnády, G. (2014). Weather elements, chemical air pollutants and airborne pollen influencing asthma emergency room visits in Szeged, Hungary: performance of two objective weather classifications. International journal of biometeorology, 1-21.

Sheridan, Scott C., and Shao Lin. "Assessing variability in the impacts of heat on health outcomes in New York City over time, season, and heat-wave duration." Ecohealth 11.4 (2014): 512-525.

Vanos, J. K., & Cakmak, S. (2014). Changing air mass frequencies in Canada: potential links and implications for human health. International journal of biometeorology, 58(2), 121-135.

Vanos, J.K., Cakmak, S. Bristow, C., and Hebbern, C. (2014). Risk assessment for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality due to air pollution and synoptic meteorology in 10 Canadian cities. Environmental Pollution. 185, 322-332.

Vanos, J.K., Cakmak, S., Kalkstein, L.S., and Yagouti, A. (2014). Association of weather and air pollution interactions on daily mortality in 12 Canadian cities . Air Quality, Atmosphere, and Health. Online. May 21st. DOI: AIRQ-D-13-00026R1.

Hondula, D. M., Davis, R. E., Knight, D. B., Sitka, L. J., Enfield, K., Gawtry, S. B., ... and Lee, T. R., 2013: A respiratory alert model for the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, USA. International journal of biometeorology, 57(1), 91-105.

Lee, C.C., S.C. Sheridan, and S. Lin, 2013: Relating weather types to asthma-related hospital admissions in New York State. EcoHealth, 9, 424-439.

Scheitlin, K.N., 2013: The Maritime Influence on Diurnal Temperature Range in the Chesapeake Bay Area. Earth Interact., 17, 1–14.

Stallins, J. A., Carpenter, J., Bentley, M. L., Ashley, W. S., & Mulholland, J. A. (2013). Weekend–weekday aerosols and geographic variability in cloud-to-ground lightning for the urban region of Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Regional Environmental Change, 13(1), 137-151.

Vanos, J.K., S. Cakmak, C. Bristow, V. Brion, N. Tremblay, S.L. Martin, and S.C. Sheridan, 2013: Synoptic weather typing applied to air pollution mortality among the elderly in 10 Canadian cities. Environmental Research, 10 pp., in press.

Zander, R., A. Messina, and M. Godek, 2013: An Air Mass based approach to the establishment of spring season synoptic characteristics in the northeast United States. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 3, 408-419.

Ashley, W. S., Bentley, M. L., and Stallins, J. A., 2012: Urban-induced thunderstorm modification in the Southeast United States. Climatic change, 113(2), 481-498.

Bentley, M. L., Stallins, J. A., and Ashley, W. S., 2012: Synoptic environments favourable for urban convection in Atlanta, Georgia. International Journal of Climatology, 32(8), 1287-1294.

Davis, R.E., C.E. Rossier, and K.B. Enfield, 2012: The impact of weather on influenza and pneumonia mortality in New York City, 1975-2002: a retrospective study. PlosOne

Lee, C. C., Ballinger, T. J., and Domino, N. A., 2012: Utilizing map pattern classification and surface weather typing to relate climate to the Air Quality Index in Cleveland, Ohio. Atmospheric Environment.

Liu, Z., Bowen, G. J., Welker, J. M., and Yoshimura, K., 2012: Winter precipitation isotope slopes of the contiguous USA and their relationship to the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern. Climate Dynamics, 41, 1-18.

Oswald, E. M., Rood, R. B., Zhang, K., Gronlund, C. J., O'Neill, M. S., White-Newsome, J. L., ... and Brown, D. G., 2012: An Investigation into the Spatial Variability of Near-Surface Air Temperatures in the Detroit, Michigan, Metropolitan Region*. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 51(7), 1290-1304.

Sheridan, S. C.; Lee, C. C.; Allen, M. J.; Kalkstein, L. S. Future heat vulnerability in California, Part II: Projecting future heat-related mortality. Climatic Change 115 (2012).

Sheridan, S.C., C.C. Lee, M.J. Allen, and L.S. Kalkstein, 2012: Future heat vulnerability in California Part I: Projecting future weather types and heat events. Climatic Change, 115, 291-309.

Zhang, K., Rood, R. B., Michailidis, G., Oswald, E. M., Schwartz, J. D., Zanobetti, A., ... and O'Neill, M. S., 2012: Comparing exposure metrics for classifying ‘dangerous heat’in heat wave and health warning systems. Environment international, 46, 23-29.

Chow, W.T.L. and B. M. Svoma, 2011: Analyses of noctural temperature cooling rate response to historical local-scale urban land-use/land-cover change. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 50, 1872-1884.

Fuhrmann, C. M., Konrad, C. E., Kovach, M. M., and Perkins, D. J., 2011: The August 2007 Heat Wave in North Carolina: Meteorological Factors and Local Variability. Physical Geography, 32(3), 217-240.

Greene, S., Kalkstein, L. S., Mills, D. M., and Samenow, J., 2011: An Examination of Climate Change on Extreme Heat Events and Climate-Mortality Relationships in Large US Cities. Weather, Climate, and Society, 3(4), 281-292.

Hanna, A. F., Yeatts, K. B., Xiu, A., Zhu, Z., Smith, R. L., Davis, N. N., ... and Pinto, J. P., 2011: Associations between ozone and morbidity using the Spatial Synoptic Classification system. Environmental Health, 10(49), 15.

Bentley, M. L., Ashley, W. S., and Stallins, J. A., 2010: Climatological radar delineation of urban convection for Atlanta, Georgia. International Journal of Climatology, 30(11), 1589-1594.

Davis, R.E., C.P. Normile, L. Sitka, D.M. Hondula, D.B. Knight, S.P. Gawtry, and P.J. Stenger, 2010: A comparison of trajectory and air mass approaches to examine ozone variability. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 64-74.

Hayhoe, K., S. C. Sheridan, L.S. Kalkstein, and J.S. Greene, 2010: Climate change, heat waves, and mortality projections for Chicago. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 36, 65-73.

Hondula, D. M., Sitka, L., Davis, R. E., Knight, D. B., Gawtry, S. D., Deaton, M. L., ... and Stenger, P. J., 2010: A back-trajectory and air mass climatology for the Northern Shenandoah Valley, USA. International Journal of Climatology, 30(4), 569-581.

Hondula, D.M. and R.E. Davis, 2010: Climatology of winter transition days for the contiguous US, 1951-2007. Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

Hu, X.-M.; et al. Using synoptic classification to evaluate an operational air quality forecasting system in Atlanta. Atmospheric Pollution Research (2010).

Huang, J., Tardif, J. C., Bergeron, Y., Denneler, B., Berninger, F., and Girardin, M. P., 2010: Radial growth response of four dominant boreal tree species to climate along a latitudinal gradient in the eastern Canadian boreal forest. Global Change Biology, 16(2), 711-731.

Kysely, J. and Huth, R., 2010: Relationships between summer air masses and mortality in Seoul: comparison of weather-type classifications. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 35(9), 536-543.

Liu, Z., Bowen, G. J., and Welker, J. M., 2010: Atmospheric circulation is reflected in precipitation isotope gradients over the conterminous United States. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984.2012), 115(D22).

Metzger, K. B., Ito, K., and Matte, T. D., 2010: Summer heat and mortality in New York City: how hot is too hot?. Environmental health perspectives, 118(1), 80.

Scheitlin, K.N. and P.G. Dixon, 2010: Diurnal temperature range variability due to land cover and airmass types in the southeast. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 879-888.

Sheridan, S.C., and A.J. Kalkstein, 2010: Seasonal variability in heat-related mortality across the United States. Natural Hazards, 55, 291-305.

Kalkstein, A. J., Kuby, M., Gerrity, D., and Clancy, J. J., 2009: An analysis of air mass effects on rail ridership in three US cities. Journal of Transport Geography, 17(3), 198-207.

Lacke, M. C., Mote, T. L., and Shepherd, J. M., 2009: Aerosols and associated precipitation patterns in Atlanta. Atmospheric Environment, 43(28), 4359-4373.

Liu, Y. C.J. Paciorek, and P. Koutrakis, 2009: Estimating regional spatial and temporal variability of PM2. 5 concentrations using satellite data, meteorology, and land use information. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 886-892.

Shem, W. and M. Shepherd, 2009: On the impact of urbanization on summertime thunderstorms in Atlanta: two numerical model case studies. Atmospheric Research, 92, 172-189.

Sheridan, S.C. A.J. Kalkstein, and L.S. Kalkstein, 2009: Trends in heat-related mortality in the United States, 1975-2004. Natural Hazards, 50, 145-160.

Blandford, T, et al., 2008. Seasonal and synoptic variations in near-surface air temperature lapse rates in a mountainous basin. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 249-261.

Knight, D.B., R.E. Davis, S.C. Sheridan, D.M. Hondula, L.J. Sitka, M. Deaton, T.R. Lee, S.D. Gawtry, P.J. Stenger, F. Mazzei, and B.P. Kenny, 2008: Increasing frequencies of warm and humid air masses over the conterminous United States from 1948 to 2005. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L10702.

Quiring, S; Goodrich, G., 2008. Nature and causes of the 2002 to 2004 drought in the southwestern United States compared with the historic 1953 to 1957 drought. Climate Research, 36, 41-52.

Bower, D., G. R. McGregor, D. Hannah, S.C. Sheridan, 2007: Development of a Spatial Synoptic Classification Scheme for Western Europe. International Journal of Climatology, 27, 2017-2040.

Brazel, A., et al., 2007: Determinants of changes in the regional urban heat island in metropolitan Phoenix (Arizona, USA) between 1990 and 2004. Climate Research, 22, 171-182.

Dyer, J.L. and T.R. Mote, 2007: Trends in snow ablation over North America. International Journal of Climatology 27, 739-748.

Kalkstein, L.S., J.S. Greene, D.M. Mills, A.D. Perrin, J.P. Samenow, and J.-C. Cohen, 2007: The development of analog European heat waves for U.S. cities to analyze the impacts on heat-related mortality. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88.

Mote, T.L., M.C. Lacke, J.M. Shepherd, 2007: Radar signatures of the urban effect on precipitation distribution: A case study for Atlanta, Georgia. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, doi:10.1029/2007GL031903

Seidel, T; Grant, A; Pszenny, A; Allman, D., 2007: Dewpoint and humidity measurements and trends at the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 1935-2004. Journal of Climate, 202, 5629-5641.

Senkbeil, J.C., J.C. Rodgers, and S.C. Sheridan, 2007: The sensitivity of tree growth to air mass variability and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in coastal Alabama. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51, 483-492.

Sheridan, S.C, H.C. Power, and J.C. Senkbeil, 2007: A further analysis of the spatio-temporal variability in aerosols across North America: incorporation of lower-tropospheric flow. International Journal of Climatology, in press.

Dolney, T.J., and S.C. Sheridan, 2006: The relationship between extreme heat and ambulance calls for the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Environmental Research, 101, 94-103.

Power, H.C., S.C. Sheridan, and J.C. Senkbeil, 2006: Synoptic climatological influences on the spatial and temporal variability of aerosols over North America. International Journal of Climatology, 26, 723-741.

Robinson, P.J., 2006: Implications of long-term precipitation amount changes for water sustainability in North Carolina. Physical Geography, 27, 286-296.

Girardin, M.P., Berglund, E., Tardif, J., and Monson, K. 2005 Radial growth of tamarack (Larix laricina) in the Churchill area (Manitoba) in relation to climate and larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) herbivory. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37: 206-217.

Merrill, R.M., E.C. Shields, G.L. White Jr., D. Druce, 2005: Climate conditions and Physical Activity in the United States. American Journal of Health Behavior, 29, 371-381.

Rainham, D.G.C., K.E. Smoyer-Tomic, S.C. Sheridan, and R.T. Burnett, 2005: Synoptic weather patterns and modification of the association between air pollution and human mortality. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15, 347-360.

Kalkstein, A.J. and R.C. Balling Jr., 2004: Impact of unusually clear weather on United States daily temperature range following 9/11/2001. Climate Research, 26, 1-4.

Leathers, D.J., D.Y. Graybeal, T. Mote, 2004: The role of air mass types and surface energy fluxes in snow cover ablation in the central Appalachians. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 1887-1898.

Sheridan, S.C. and L.S. Kalkstein, 2004: A synoptic Climatological approach to separate weather- and pollution-induced impacts on human mortality. Epidemiology, 15, S40.

Sheridan, S.C. and L.S. Kalkstein, 2004: Progress in Heat Watch-Warning System Technology. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85, 1931-1941.

Sheridan, S.C., 2004: The development of heat-warning systems for cities worldwide. In WorldMinds: Geographical Perspectives on 100 Problems, Association of American Geographers, D.G. Janelle, B. Warf, K. Hansen, eds., 487-492.

Dixon, P.G., and T.L. Mote, 2003: Patterns and causes of Atlanta's Urban Heat-Island Precipitation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42, 1273-1284.

Grundstein, A., 2003: A synoptic-scale climate analysis of anomalous snow water equivalent over the Northern Great Plains of the USA. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 871-886.

Sheridan, S.C. and T.J. Dolney, 2003: Heat, mortality, and level of urbanization: Measuring vulnerability across Ohio, USA. Climate Research, 24, 255-265.

Sheridan, S.C., 2003: North American weather-type frequency and teleconnection indices. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 21-45.

Leathers, D.J., T.L. Mote, A.J. Grundstein, D.A. Robinson, K. Felter, K. Conrad, L. Sedywitz, 2002: Associations between continental-scale snow cover anomalies and air mass frequencies across eastern North America. International Journal of Climatology, 22. 1473-1494.

Sheridan, S. C. The redevelopment of a weather-type classification scheme for North America. International Journal of Climatology 22, 51–68 (2002).

Kalkstein, L. S.; Sheridan, S. C.; Graybeal, D. Y. A determination of character and frequency changes in air masses using a spatial synoptic classification. International Journal of Climatology 18, 1223–1236 (1998).

Kalkstein, L.S., C.D. Barthel, M.C. Nichols, and J.S. Greene, 1996: A New Spatial Synoptic Classification: Application to Air Mass Analysis, International Journal of Climatology, 16:983-1004.